INTRODUCTION: This study contrasts the validity and legibility of responses of three computer algorithms—ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Gemini—to Penile Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), where individuals are concerned with penis size. As individuals more and more rely on AI to seek health knowledge, this research contrasts the validity and readability of AI-generated responses to common penile size and function questions.

METHODS: Fourteen frequently asked questions about penis size and function were collected from social media and posed to ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Gemini. Responses were evaluated with the Discern index to evaluate reliability and the Gunning Fog index to measure readability. For statistical analysis one-way ANOVA and one-way ANOVA and Post hoc tests were used.
RESULTS: There was no significant difference between three algorithms (p=0.063), and the distinct scores for ChatGPT, DeepSeek, and Gemini were 3.29±1.07, 3.86±0.66, and 3.43±0.85. In comparison to DeepSeek (19.81±1.88) and Gemini (20.07±2.37), ChatGPT produced a significantly lower Gunning Fog score of 18.34±1.72 (p=0.012), suggesting that ChatGPT responses were easier to read.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The study found all three AI models provided accurate and informative content about Penile BDD, where DeepSeek provided the most precise and ChatGPT the easiest to read. However, AI should never replace expert medical recommendations. Continuous improvement and ethical reasoning are required to ensure safe application of AI for health information.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to compare surgical outcomes, complication rates, and continence results of obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASIS) repairs performed by obstetricians-gynecologists and general surgeons.
METHODS: In this retrospective cohort study, data from 356 patients who underwent primary OASIS repair between May 2020 and October 2024 at a tertiary center were analyzed. Patients were divided into two groups based on the surgeon’s specialty: obstetrician-gynecologists (n=272) and general surgeons (n=84). Demographic features, obstetric factors, surgical techniques, postoperative complications, and continence outcomes were compared. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age and body mass index (BMI) was performed to assess the independent effect of surgeon specialty on complication risk.
RESULTS: No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of age, BMI, gravidity, parity, neonatal birth weight, or tear severity (p>0.05). However, general surgeons more frequently used the end-to-end repair technique, whereas obstetrician-gynecologists preferred the overlap method (p<0.05). Postoperative infection and bleeding rates were significantly lower in the obstetrician-gynecologist group (p<0.05). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the risk of any postoperative complication was approximately four times higher in repairs performed by general surgeons compared to obstetrician-gynecologists (OR = 3.54; 95% CI: 2.05–6.13; p<0.001).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Surgeon specialty significantly influences early postoperative complication rates in OASIS repair. Structured surgical training programs, simulation-based workshops, and multidisciplinary protocols are crucial to improve outcomes, especially for general surgeons involved in obstetric perineal trauma repair.

INTRODUCTION: Preterm birth remains a major obstetric problem, and reliable early markers for identifying high-risk pregnancies are still limited. Inflammation-based indices obtained from routine complete blood count tests have recently been investigated as practical reflections of early immune activity. This study evaluates whether first-trimester hematologic inflammatory markers are associated with later spontaneous preterm birth.


METHODS: This study was conducted between 2023-2025. Pregnancies that ended before 37 weeks were compared with age- and sampling-matched term deliveries. Women with systemic disease, infections, multifetal gestation, fetal anomalies, or medication use influencing hematologic parameters were excluded. First-trimester inflammation-based indices were calculated. Statistical comparisons, correlation analyses, ROC curves, and logistic regression were performed.

RESULTS: Among 426 participants, 142 experienced preterm birth. Those who later delivered preterm had higher neutrophil counts and elevated NLR, SII, and SIRI values compared with controls. NLR produced the highest discriminatory performance (AUC: 0.609), with a cut-off value of >2.832, yielding a sensitivity of 59.9% and a specificity of 60.9%. SII, SIRI, and AISI also demonstrated statistically significant but weaker predictive performance. Neonatal complications, including NICU admission, were more frequent in the preterm group.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: First-trimester inflammatory indices may signal early immune alterations related to preterm birth risk. Their predictive value alone is limited, yet they may strengthen early risk stratification when combined with established clinical parameters. Larger prospective studies are needed to confirm their additive contribution to predictive models.

INTRODUCTION: The PAPPA2 mutation is one of the oncogenic mutations that interact with other cancer-causing mutations to promote tumour formation. Studying the presence of co-mutations in PAPPA2 gene could provide valuable prognostic and predictive information to help improve the therapeutic management of cancer treatment.In our study,we examined the co-mutation patterns of PAPPA2 in LUSC, HNSCC, ESCC and CSCC.
METHODS: Mutation data for LUSC, HNSC, ESCC, and CSCC were obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas via cBioPortal. Data were analyzed using R (v4.4.3). For each cancer type, the 20 most frequently mutated genes were identified, and their co-occurrence with PAPPA2 was evaluated using Fisher’s Exact Test (p < 0.05). Mutation landscapes were visualized using oncoprint plots.
RESULTS: In LUSC,PAPPA2 mutations (18%) significantly co-occurred with SPTA1, RYR2, and TTN. Additional associations were found with LRP1B, MUC16, PKHD1, RYR3, and USH2A. In HNSC, PAPPA2 alterations (8%) showed strong co-occurrence with NSD1, PKHD1L1, and TP53, as well as with FLG, SYNE1, and CSMD3. In ESCC, PAPPA2 mutations (8%) co-occurred significantly with FMN2 and NFE2L2. In CSCC, PAPPA2 mutations (29%) exhibited extensive co-occurrence with DNAH5, USH2A, and APOB, along with several structural genes including COL11A1, HMCN1, and FAT4.No significant mutually exclusive relationships were identified in any cancer type.Oncoprint analyses demonstrated diverse mutation spectra, primarily composed of missense and multi-hit events.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A better understanding of co-mutational profiles is crucial for improving oncology strategies and personalising treatment for SCC patients.The findings may be able to improve cancer prognosis and treatment if they are put into practice in a clinical setting.

INTRODUCTION: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2, has been associated with cardiovascular complications, including increased epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) volume. Previous studies have shown a correlation between COVID-19 severity and EAT volume; however, none have investigated dynamic changes in EAT over time and their relationship with mortality. To evaluate the association between changes in EAT volume and prognosis in patients with COVID-19 and to explore the role of EAT in disease pathophysiology by correlating its volume changes with laboratory markers.
METHODS: This retrospective study included 134 patients with COVID-19 who underwent two non-contrast thoracic CT scans during hospitalization. EAT volume was quantified using dedicated segmentation software, and results were compared between survivors and non-survivors. Logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses were used to evaluate the predictive performance of EAT volume change and laboratory biomarkers for mortality.
RESULTS: Among 134 patients, 64 (47.7%) died. D-dimer, IL-6, cTnI, and ferritin levels were significantly higher in non-survivors (p < 0.05). The reduction in EAT volume was significantly greater in non-survivors than in survivors (p = 0.001). ROC analysis identified an optimal cut-off value of −3.78% for EAT volume decrease in predicting mortality. Both EAT volume change (AUC = 0.867) and cardiac troponin I (AUC = 0.921) showed the strongest predictive performance for mortality.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: A decrease in EAT volume of ≥3.78% is a strong predictor of mortality in COVID-19. EAT volume change may serve as a novel imaging biomarker reflecting the inflammatory and cardiovascular effects of the disease.

INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to evaluate the concordance between intraoperative frozen-section diagnosis and final paraffin-embedded histopathological examination in patients operated for adnexal masses, in order to assess the reliability of frozen-section analysis for intraoperative decision-making.
METHODS: Data from 50 patients who underwent surgery between September 2024-November 2025, for adnexal masses at the Gynecology Department of Gaziantep City Hospital and had intraoperative frozen-section evaluation followed by final pathology were retrospectively analyzed. Demographic, clinical, radiological, laboratory (tumor markers), surgical (laparoscopy vs. laparotomy), and pathological data (frozen and final diagnoses) were collected.
RESULTS: The median age of patients was 47.8 years (range 34–74), and the median BMI was 32.4 kg/m² (range 24–42). The median preoperative blood CA-125 level was 86 U/mL (range 8–760), with 60% of patients exceeding 35 U/mL. Median tumor size was 13.7 cm (range 6–32), and 80% of masses were unilateral. Intraoperative frozen-section diagnosed 52% as benign, 20% as borderline (“most likely,” borderline or “at least borderline”), and 16% as malignant. Final histopathology revealed 60% benign, 16% borderline, and 24% malignant tumors. The majority of surgeries were performed via laparotomy (72%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In this cohort, frozen-section diagnosis demonstrated a high rate of agreement with final pathology for benign and malignant adnexal masses supporting its role as a valuable intraoperative tool for guiding surgical management.

INTRODUCTION: Prenatal diagnosis is essential for allowing for early detection of fetal anomalies. Soft markers, detected during fetal anomaly scans, are of uncertain significance. Most soft markers are transient; their detection can induce psychological distress. The relationship between soft markers, genetic conditions, and maternal psychological responses remains an area of investigation.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 67 pregnant women with isolated fetal soft markers identified during routine second-trimester anomaly scans at a tertiary perinatal care center. Participants completed the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS-12), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI), and Coping Orientation to Problems Experienced Inventory (COPE). Sociodemographic and obstetric data were collected from medical records. Descriptive statistics were reported as mean±SD, median (interquartile range) and frequency (percentage).
RESULTS: The most frequently observed soft markers were echogenic intracardiac focus (40.3%) and echogenic bowel (32.8%). Higher intolerance of uncertainty scores were significantly associated with ventriculomegaly, thickened nuchal fold, and choroid plexus cyst. The presence of multiple soft markers did not result in higher intolerance of uncertainty scores. Religious coping was the most commonly used strategy, while substance use was the least employed. Anxiety and depression were the predominant, with moderate distress levels detected on the BSI.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The identification of soft markers may contribute to maternal psychological distress, with the severity of the response influenced by the specific ultrasonographic finding. The level of education and perceived economic status also play roles in shaping maternal risk perception. Enhanced prenatal counseling, incorporating clear risk communication strategies, may help mitigate anxiety and reduce intolerance of uncertainty.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the fetal conus medullaris (CM) using 3D ultrasonography in fetuses with central nervous system (CNS) anomalies and in healthy fetuses. The aim was to evaluate the vertebral ending levels of CM and its utility as a biomarker in prenatal diagnosis.
METHODS: This prospective study, conducted at the Obstetrics and Perinatology Clinic of Van Yüzüncü Yıl University, Faculty of Medicine, included 80 pregnant women between 11 and 22 weeks of gestation with a singleton pregnancy, aged 18 to 45, and with a body mass index (BMI) <30. 40 women with fetal CNS anomalies were included in the patient group, while 40 healthy pregnant women were included in the control group. All pregnant women underwent 2D ultrasonography followed by 3D ultrasonography. The ending level of the CM relative to the vertebral column and various biometric measurements were recorded. Data were analyzed using SPSS 27.0.
RESULTS: When demographic data were analyzed, no significant difference was found between the two groups in terms of age, height, weight, and gestational age (p>0.05). The distances between the CM and the lower end of the sacrum (CM–Os Sacrum) and the anterior abdominal wall (CM–Abdomen) were also similar (p=0.279 and p=0.299). When the ending levels of the CM relative to the lumbar vertebrae were evaluated, it was observed that the CM most frequently ended at the L4 level in 23 patients (53.5%) in the patient group, at the L3 level in 15 patients (37.5%), and at the L2 level in 2 patients (5%). In the control group, it was observed that the CM ended at the L3 level in 23 patients (57.5%) and at the L2 level in 17 patients (42.5%). While it was found that the CM extended to the L4 level in the patient group, this ending was not observed in the control group. Ending at the L2 level was more frequently observed in the control group (5% vs. 42.5%). In subgroup analyses, it was determined that the CM ending was more caudal in cases with anomalies such as spina bifida and anencephaly.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The ending level of the CM at the vertebral end, particularly its extension to the L4 level, may be a powerful biomarker for identifying CNS anomalies prenatally. This study demonstrates the utility of prenatal 3D ultrasound assessment of the CM ending level in the early diagnosis of CNS anomalies.

INTRODUCTION: Estimating bruise age by color is unreliable due to low accuracy and confounding variables. The aims of the current study were 1) to compare the RGB values, obtained for age determination of post-traumatic bruises, as identified by four methods in sequence: traditional naked eye and photographic color identification, ImageJ analysis, and artificial intelligence (AI)-supported color identification; 2) to statistically determine the accuracy prediction rates of the bruise aging phase using discriminant function analysis (DFA) of these RGB values; and 3) to assess the usability of these methods in forensic medicine and clinical practice.
METHODS: We examined 407 photographs from 43 patients with traumatic bruises at the University Hospital (2023–2024). One researcher recorded RGB values during patient examination; two researchers used a scale to assess RGB values from photographs; two researchers used ImageJ; and AI analyzed bruise photos. Discriminant function analysis (DFA) assessed bruise-aging group classification using RGB means
RESULTS: The AI-assisted program demonstrated the highest overall accuracy in bruise age estimation (50.1%). In the yellow-dominant group, the 65-year-old researcher exhibited the lowest accuracy (18.3%), whereas the AI-assisted program achieved perfect accuracy (100.0%). Visual identification by the naked eye was more accurate compared to other non-AI digital methods. These findings indicate that AI-based color analysis, which uses computational techniques to assess bruising, outperforms traditional and digital methods across specific bruise color groups.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Determining bruise age remains unreliable with current methods, but AI-supported programs offer higher prediction rates in some color groups. These results suggest AI may improve accuracy as technology advances.

INTRODUCTION: Annual influenza vaccination is recommended for all healthcare workers, including medical students. This study examined the attitudes of medical students towards seasonal influenza vaccination, their vaccination status/intention, and the possible effects of the end of the pandemic during the first influenza season following the Coranavirüs-19 Disease (COVID-19) pandemic.
METHODS: An online cross-sectional study was conducted at xxx University Faculty of Medicine in October 2023. The questionnaire asked about socio-demographic characteristics, COVID-19 experience, their perceived level of anxiety and knowledge about influenza, and their vaccination/intention to be vaccinated during the pandemic and the 2023/2024 influenza season.
RESULTS: Among 325 participants (mean age: 21.8 years; 53.5% female), 55.7% reported very low or low concern about contracting the influenza. Knowledge about the influenza vaccine was reported as none (7.7%), very little (23.4%), or some (46.8%), with the internet/social media being the most common information source (36.9%). Only 2.5% had been vaccinated against influenza, and 9.8% considered vaccination. During the pandemic, 7.4% received the influenza vaccine, while 19.1% reported decreased willingness to vaccinate post-pandemic. Notably, 58.3% of students vaccinated during the pandemic either did not get vaccinated or consider vaccination afterward (p<0.05). The most cited reason for avoiding vaccination was the perception of influenza as a non-serious illness (37.9%). Higher vaccination rates were associated with greater family income and higher influenza -related concern.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The findings show that the rate of influenza vaccination is low and that the end of the COVID-19 pandemic has a negative impact on vaccination.

INTRODUCTION: Numerous studies in literature indicate that rotenone (ROT) has a cytotoxic effect on humans or animals, and it causes a neurodegenerative disease as Parkinson's Disease (PD). Our study showed that ROT can induce oxidative damage and cause neuronal loss in SH-SY5Y cells, an in vitro model of dopaminergic neuronal cells. Salvia splendens (S. splendens) can show an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cholinergic effects on neuronal cells thanks to the phenolic compounds it contains.
METHODS: In this study, we investigated the neuroprotective effects of ethanol extracts prepared from aerial and root parts of S. splendens (AE and RE, respectively) against ROT-induced oxidative stress and neuronal loss in SH-SY5Y cells.
RESULTS: In the current study, ROT dose dependently increased neuronal cell loss in SH-SY5Y cells, and the IC50 value of ROT was determined as 40 µM. The optimum concentrations of AE and RE, which showed the maximum protective effect on SH-SY5Y viability, were determined as 195.3125 μg/mL in the presence of 40 µM ROT. AE and RE, at a concentration of 195.3125 μg/mL, in the presence of 40 µM ROT significantly increased the total antioxidant status (TAS) and did not create a significant difference in the total oxidant status (TOS). Additionally, AE and RE significantly decreased the oxidative stress index (OSI) value, as an indicator of total cellular oxidative stress, compared to the ROT group in the presence of ROT.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In summary, AE and RE obtained from S. splendens protect the SH-SY5Y cells from ROT-induced damage through reducing oxidative stress and preventing neuronal cell loss.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate the indications, timing, and clinical outcomes of pediatric tracheotomy cases managed at a single tertiary center over a 13-year period.
METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of 110 pediatric patients (1 day–18 years) who underwent tracheotomy between 2010 and 2023. Demographic data, indications, tracheotomy timing (TIT), duration of hospitalization, complications, and mortality were analyzed. Statistical analyses included Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, and chi-square tests, with p<0,05 considered significant.
RESULTS: Among 110 pediatric patients, 66 were male, and 44 were female. The most common indication for tracheotomy was prolonged mechanical ventilation (80.9%), followed by airway obstruction (19.1%), which was more frequent in newborns (p=0,004). Hospital stay duration and tracheotomy timing were significantly shorter in airway obstruction cases than in prolonged ventilation (p<0,001), with significant differences among age groups (p=0,008 and p<0,001). Overall mortality was 31.8%, predominantly among patients with congenital or neurological comorbidities; no statistically significant association was found between mortality and tracheotomy indication (p=0,445).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Pediatric tracheotomy remains a safe and effective intervention when performed with appropriate timing and multidisciplinary care. Our study reveals that early tracheotomy does not impact mortality rates; however, it does shorten hospital stay duration and reduce complications.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of Pediculus humanus capitis infestation among primary school students in the Başkale town of Van Province and to evaluate associated demographic and behavioral factors.
METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in March 2018 among 530 students from four primary schools. Hair and scalp examinations were performed visually; suspicious samples were confirmed microscopically. Sociodemographic and hygiene-related data were collected through a structured questionnaire. Statistical analyses were performed using chi-square and Fisher's exact tests.
RESULTS: The overall prevalence of head lice infestation was 3.8% (20/530). Infestation was significantly higher among girls (6.8%) compared with boys (1.5%) (p=0.003). The highest prevalence occurred among third-grade students (12.2%). Medium (6.2%) and long hair (5.7%) were associated with significantly higher infestation rates (p=0.005). Wavy and curly hair demonstrated a higher tendency for infestation, although the association was not statistically significant. Larger household size (4-7 individuals) showed a noticeable clustering of cases.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Although the prevalence in Başkale was lower than many national and international figures, head lice infestation remains a relevant public-health issue. Female sex, younger age, longer hair, and crowded households were identified as key risk factors. School-based screening, parental education, and early detection programs are recommended to reduce transmission.

INTRODUCTION: Cesarean delivery after labor induction is a significant clinical concern, especially in nulliparous women with an unfavorable cervix. Early identification of patients at increased risk for cesarean section may support individualized obstetric care strategies. This study aimed to develop a predictive model for cesarean delivery among nulliparous women undergoing induction of labor with an unfavorable cervix.
METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 532 nulliparous women with unfavorable cervices who underwent labor induction using a slow-release dinoprostone vaginal insert at a tertiary care center between October 2023 and January 2025. A penalized logistic regression model (PMLE) was used to identify independent predictors of cesarean delivery. Internal validation was performed using 1,000 bootstrap resamples, and a nomogram was constructed based on significant variables.
RESULTS: The overall cesarean delivery rate was 38.0%. Multivariable analysis identified higher body mass index (BMI) (aOR: 1.095, 95% CI: 1.041–1.151; p < 0.001) and lower Bishop score (aOR: 0.828, 95% CI: 0.723–0.976; p = 0.026) as independent predictors of cesarean delivery. A nomogram was developed to estimate individualized cesarean risk, and decision curve analysis demonstrated potential clinical utility, particularly within the 15%–60% risk threshold range.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: This study presents a predictive nomogram to estimate cesarean delivery risk in nulliparous women undergoing labor induction with an unfavorable cervix. While further prospective validation is warranted, the model incorporating BMI and Bishop score may serve as a useful tool for future research on personalized induction strategies.

INTRODUCTION: Fetal arrhythmias complicate 1-2% of all pregnancies and can be categorized into three types: rhythm irregularities. tachyarrhythmias and bradyarrhythmias. The rate, duration and severity of the arrhythmia typically determine its hemodynamic consequences. The aim of this study was to evaluate prenatal management strategies and clinical outcomes of fetal arrhythmias in a tertiary perinatal center over a 4 year period.
METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 46 fetuses diagnosed with arrhythmia between October 2020 and December 2024. Maternal characteristics, type and of arrhythmia, prenatal treatment, birth parameters and neonatal outcomes were collected.
RESULTS: Forty-six cases of fetal arrhythmia were included in the study. The participants were divided into three groups based on arrhythmia type: rhythm irregularities (n=21, 46%), bradyarrhythmias (n=14, 30%), and tachyarrhythmias (n=11, 24%). Most patients in the bradyarrhythmia group (n=7, %50) were diagnosed with complete atrioventricular block (CAVB), all of whom tested positive for maternal autoantibodies. Supraventricular tachycardia was the most common type of tachyarrhythmia observed, followed by 2: 1 atrial flutter.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Fetuses with rhythm irregularities generally have favorable outcomes. The course of fetal CAVB associated with congenital heart defects, particularly left atrial isomerism, appear to be worse than that of immune-mediated CAVB. Persistent tachyarrhythmias should be treated in utero due to the risk of rapid progression to cardiac failure. Once fetal arrhythmias are diagnosed, close follow-up and parental counseling is recommended, using a multidisciplinary team approach involving pediatric cardiology and maternal-fetal medicine specialists.

INTRODUCTION: Scabies is a common parasitic skin infestation in children that may cause elevated eosinophil counts and total IgE levels. Because these findings resemble those of atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases, scabies is often misdiagnosed, leading to unnecessary allergy referrals. This study aimed to determine eosinophil counts and total IgE levels in children diagnosed with scabies, assess their frequency, and highlight the importance of considering scabies in the differential diagnosis of atopic and allergic conditions.


METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included children aged 0–18 years diagnosed with scabies according to the 2020 International Alliance for Scabies Control criteria before October 30, 2024, who were referred to the Pediatric Allergy and Immunology Clinic of Osmaniye State Hospital. Data on patients’ demographics, family history of scabies, bacterial skin infections, eosinophil counts, total IgE levels, and treatment were collected from medical records.
RESULTS: Of all patients, 32.2% were female and 67.8% male, with a median age of 30 months. The median eosinophil count was 516.88/µL, and the mean total IgE level was 427.44 IU/mL. The median eosinophil percentage was 5.58%; 53.9% had eosinophil percentages ≥4%, and 53% had total IgE levels ≥100 IU/mL. Additionally, 40% had no family history of scabies, and 23% had bacterial skin infections.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: More than half of the patients exhibited elevated eosinophil counts and total IgE levels. In children presenting with pruritus and rash, scabies should be considered in the differential diagnosis, especially when eosinophilia or high IgE is present.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to evaluate postpartum depressive symptoms in pregnant women diagnosed with hyperemesis gravidarum (HEG) and to identify clinical predictors associated with increased depression risk.
METHODS: This retrospective case–control study included 80 pregnant women diagnosed with HEG and 80 healthy pregnant women matched for maternal age and gestational age. Sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric outcomes, laboratory parameters, and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) scores were recorded. An EPDS score ≥13 was considered indicative of postpartum depression (PPD). Correlation analyses and both univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify independent predictors of PPD.
RESULTS: Median EPDS scores were significantly higher in the HEG group compared with controls (p < 0.001). PPD was present in 20% of the HEG group and 7.5% of controls (p = 0.022). In the entire cohort, HEG was identified as an independent predictor of PPD (aOR: 3.319, 95% CI: 1.167–9.446, p = 0.025). Within the HEG group, BMI was found to be an independent predictor of PPD (aOR: 1.101, 95% CI: 1.012–1.198, p = 0.026). Gestational age at delivery and birth weight were also lower in the HEG group (p < 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Pregnant women with HEG have a significantly higher risk of postpartum depression. Routine psychological screening, particularly with EPDS, may facilitate early detection and improve maternal mental health outcomes.

INTRODUCTION: Eosinophils are increasingly recognized as active participants in thrombogenesis, yet their precise role in venous thromboembolism remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the association between eosinophil elevation and the presence and severity of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients presenting to the emergency department
METHODS: This retrospective observational study included patients aged ≥18 years who were diagnosed with acute DVT by Doppler ultrasonography between January 2019 and December 2024 in a tertiary emergency department. Patients with malignancy, autoimmune disease, renal failure, prior venous thromboembolism, or thrombophilia were excluded. Demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging data were retrieved from electronic medical records. Eosinophilia was defined as an absolute eosinophil count (AEC) ≥ 500 cells/µL. Statistical analyses were performed using appropriate parametric and non-parametric tests.
RESULTS: A total of 283 DVT patients (mean age 56 ± 19 years; 58.3% male) were evaluated, along with 46 control patients without DVT. The median eosinophil count was higher in DVT patients than in controls (130 vs 100 cells/µL; p = 0.044). DVT predominantly involved the lower extremity (92.6%), with left-sided thrombosis in 56.9%. Patients with multiple-vein DVT had significantly higher age, leukocyte, neutrophil, and CRP levels compared to those with single-vein involvement (p < 0.05). Eosinophilia was present in 1.4% of DVT cases.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Elevated eosinophil levels may contribute to DVT pathophysiology through endothelial damage, tissue factor expression, and coagulation activation. Although eosinophilia was rare, its potential role in thrombus formation warrants further large-scale prospective studies.

INTRODUCTION: To evaluate the effect of a screening mammography awareness campaign in a rural region of Eastern Türkiye, where participation in breast cancer screening programs is low.
METHODS: This health facility and community based study was conducted in Van province between January 1 and November 13, 2023, within the ongoing “Healthy Women, Healthy Generations” project. Women aged 40–69 who had never undergone mammography were included. Participants received education on breast, cervical, and colorectal cancers, and were invited to free mammography screening. Data were collected via face to face questionnaires. Two view (mediolateral oblique and craniocaudal) digital mammography was performed and interpreted centrally by Ministry of health radiologists.
RESULTS: While the regional participation rate in breast cancer screening was previously % 21.5, the campaign increased this rate to % 93.3. A total of 520 women participated (median age: 48.3 years). Mammography reports were issued within a median of 50 days. Most women (83%) were reported to be in the BI-RADS 2 category, while one woman was found to be in the BI-RADS 5 category and was diagnosed with breast cancer.She underwent breast conserving surgery and adjuvant chemoradiotherapy. Family history of breast cancer was reported by % 7.3. The median number of births was 5, with median ages of 20 for first and 34 for last birth.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Awareness campaigns significantly improve participation in breast cancer screening. Early detection and successful treatment of one cancer case, among 520 screens support the importance of such interventions. Broader, population-based studies are recommended to assess long term impact.

INTRODUCTION: To compare the effects of three different ovulation induction protocols (clomiphene citrate (CC), letrozole, and gonadotropin) on pregnancy outcomes in women diagnosed with unexplained infertility undergoing intrauterine insemination (IUI).
METHODS: This retrospective observational cohort study was conducted at the Infertility Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Etlik City Hospital, Ankara, Türkiye. A total of 156 women aged 18–42 years with unexplained infertility who underwent IUI between January 2022 and December 2024 were included. Patients received ovarian stimulation with CC, letrozole, or gonadotropins prior to IUI. Clinical pregnancy was confirmed by serum β-hCG and ultrasound. Independent predictors of pregnancy were evaluated using multivariate logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, FSH, AMH, and IUI protocol.
RESULTS: Pregnancy occurred in 21 patients (13.5%). The pregnancy group had significantly lower FSH levels compared to the non-pregnancy group (median 5.4 vs. 6.0 IU/L, p=0.046). Letrozole use was significantly higher among patients who conceived (76.2% vs. 44.4%, p=0.025). In multivariate analysis, letrozole remained an independent predictor of pregnancy (aOR: 3.589, 95% CI: 1.229–10.480, p=0.019), while higher FSH levels were negatively associated with pregnancy (aOR: 0.744, 95% CI: 0.557–0.996, p=0.047).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In women with unexplained infertility, ovulation induction with letrozole prior to IUI is associated with higher pregnancy rates compared to other protocols. Considering its cost-effectiveness, lower risk of multiple pregnancies, and favorable endometrial effects, letrozole should be considered as a first-line treatment option in appropriate patients.

INTRODUCTION: The Ki-67 proliferation index is a key biomarker reflecting tumor aggressiveness and therapeutic response in breast cancer. The ABO blood group system, beyond its hematologic role, has been associated with cancer susceptibility, immune regulation, and inflammation. However, its potential influence on tumor proliferation remains unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between ABO/Rh blood groups and Ki-67 expression in breast cancer.
METHODS: A total of 189 patients diagnosed with breast malignancy between 2020 and 2024 were retrospectively analyzed. Clinical parameters including age, ABO and Rh blood groups, and Ki-67 index were recorded. Ki-67 expression was assessed immunohistochemically as the percentage of positively stained tumor nuclei. Intergroup differences were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test for ABO groups and the Mann–Whitney U test for Rh factor. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05.
RESULTS: The mean age was 57.7 ± 13.7 years, and the mean Ki-67 index was 25.9 ± 18.7% (median 22%). Mean Ki-67 values by blood group were: A = 27.7%, O = 19.7%, B = 31.9%, and AB = 31.2%. A borderline significant difference was observed, particularly between group O and groups B/AB (p = 0.06). No significant association was found with Rh factor (p > 0.05).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: ABO blood group phenotypes may affect proliferative behavior in breast cancer. Lower Ki-67 levels in group O and higher indices in groups B and AB suggest that genetically determined antigenic variations could modulate tumor biology through immune or adhesion-related pathways. Larger multicenter studies are warranted to validate these findings.

INTRODUCTION: The Lichtenstein hernioplasty technique is one of the most commonly preferred approaches in inguinal hernia surgery today. However, the impact of different surgical maneuvers on postoperative pain remains controversial. This study aimed to compare the effects of high ligation of the hernia sac (excision and removal) versus peritoneal reduction without sac excision on postoperative pain following Lichtenstein repair.
METHODS: Eighty patients with indirect inguinal hernia who underwent elective Lichtenstein repair were included and divided into two groups. High ligation was performed in 41 patients, while peritoneal reduction was applied in 39 patients. Postoperative pain levels were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) at the 6th and 24th hours.
RESULTS: At the 6th postoperative hour, no significant difference in pain intensity was observed between the two groups (p=0.15). However, at the 24th hour, the pain level was significantly higher in the high ligation group (p=0.01). In both groups, pain scores significantly decreased at 24 hours compared to the early postoperative period (p<0.01).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: Preservation of peritoneal integrity during inguinal hernia repair may reduce early postoperative pain and improve patient comfort. Therefore, the peritoneal reduction technique can be considered a preferable option in Lichtenstein repair to enhance postoperative recovery.

INTRODUCTION: Kidney transplant is the most effective treatment for end-stage renal disease, although complications occurring after surgery can be detrimental both to graft success and patient survival. The present study analyzes the complications that occurred following kidney transplant procedures performed in our center over a 4-year period.
METHODS: The data of 116 patients who underwent renal transplantation procedures from 2018 to 2021 were reviewed, and the data of 13 patients who underwent repeat surgery after developing complications within 4 years of their procedures, as well as 20 patients randomly selected from among those who did not develop complications, were subjected to deeper review. The complications and the risk factors associated with re-operation were then compared based on demographic data, preoperative and postoperative clinical data, complication types and outcomes.
RESULTS: A total of 33 patients (24 male, 72.7%; 9 female, 27.3%) were included in the study. Right kidney donation, female sex and preoperative blood transfusion were identified as significant risk factors for re-operation (p<0.05), and duration of hospital stay and healthcare costs were significantly higher in the complication group. Vascular, urological and general surgical complications were treated surgically to increase both graft success and patient survival.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The early recognition and effective management of surgical complications occurring after kidney transplantation are crucial for both graft success and patient survival. Furthermore, the identification of risk factors contributes significantly to patient follow-up and the identification of optimum surgical strategies.

INTRODUCTION: The high rate of suicide worldwide is one of the biggest obstacles to meeting the WHO goal of reducing deaths by one-third by 2030. Previous studies have proven that suicide risk factors have an intertwined impact on suicide rates. The aim of this study was to define the relationship between the suicide rates in all provinces in Türkiye and the altitudes of these provinces, annual average winter and summer temperatures, temperature differences between winter and summer, and to investigate the relationship between suicide rates and gender, age group, socioeconomic scores of the provinces, reasons for suicide and types of suicide.
METHODS: The crude data for the current study were obtained from the Turkish Statistical Institute (TUIK) public website.
RESULTS: Between 2007 and 2022, there were 52,300 suicides in 81 cities in Türkiye, comprising 38,564 males and 13,736 females. An increase in altitude was found to be associated with higher suicide rates in females and young people. For children aged <15 years, a low ambient temperature increased suicide rates. A positive correlation was detected between an increase in mean temperature and suicide committed by jumping from a high place and between an increase in the seasonal temperature difference and suicide by hanging.
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: The variations in suicide rates associated with altitude and ambient temperature may provide an opportunity to identify times of high risk for individuals with suicidal tendencies and thereby enable them to receive increased psychological support during these times of change.

INTRODUCTION: To investigate the ability of the fibrinogen-albumin ratio (FAR) and other combined inflammatory indices to predict adverse perinatal outcomes in cases of early preterm prelabor membrane rupture (PPROM).
METHODS: Retrospective analysis of data from patients with PPROM between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation from January to August 2025 was performed. Delivery within 48 hours, chorioamnionitis, placental abruption, intrauterine fetal demise, neonatal death, neonatal pH below seven, and neonatal sepsis were considered composite adverse perinatal outcomes (CAPO). Clinical characteristics, hemogram parameters, fibrinogen, albumin, C-reactive protein (CRP), and inflammatory indices (FAR, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), systemic inflammatory index (SII), systemic inflammatory response index (SIRI), and aggregate index of systemic inflammation (AISI)) were compared between patients with and without CAPO. The predictive accuracy of significant variables was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.
RESULTS: Data from a total of 170 patients were included in the study. CAPO was present in 100 patients. Fibrinogen, CRP, and FAR values were higher in the CAPO group (p = 0.02, p = 0.019, and p = 0.002, respectively). The albumin level was lower in the same group (p = 0.023). No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding other laboratory parameters or inflammatory indices. CRP demonstrated higher sensitivity (71%) and lower specificity (59%) for predicting CAPO, while FAR exhibited higher specificity (73%) and lower sensitivity (58%).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: FAR, a recently developed inflammatory marker, may be a useful tool for predicting adverse outcomes in PPROM cases. In the present study, FAR outperformed hemogram-derived combined inflammatory indices in this regard.

INTRODUCTION: Both Omalizumab and (Montelukast+Desloratadine) are effective treatments for allergic rhinitis. However, these treatments have not been compared clinically. Therefore, we aimed to compare their efficacy on allergic rhinitis symptoms.
METHODS: Between December 2018 and November 2019, 25 patients with both allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria and 25 patients with allergic rhinitis alone were included in the study. Patients with both allergic rhinitis and chronic urticaria received Omalizumab (300 mg/month) (Omalizumab group), while patients with allergic rhinitis alone received (Montelukast+Desloratadine)/daily (Desloratadine group). In addition, both groups received fluticasone propionate nasal spray (100 mcg/day in each nostril). At baseline and after 8-10 weeks (follow-up), symptoms and quality of life were assessed. A visual analogue scale was used for the assessments.
RESULTS: Compared to baseline, both groups showed significant symptomatic improvements at follow-up. When the change from baseline to follow-up was compared, the groups were similar in terms of nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea, sneezing and quality of life (p>0.05). However, Omalizumab group was superior to Desloratadine group in terms of eye itching (68.55±17.62 vs 55.46±20.42; p=0.010).
DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: In conclusion, Omalizumab is more effective than Montelukast plus Desloratadine for eye itching in allergic rhinitis.